Abstract
Objective
Open-heart surgery has a profound socio-psychological and emotional impact on patients. The psychological state of individuals undergoing this procedure fluctuates throughout the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods. This study aimed to examine the relationship between health perception and psychological well-being among patients who underwent open-heart surgery.
Materials and Methods
This study utilized a correlational survey model, which is a descriptive research design. The study population comprised patients over the age of 25 who underwent open-heart surgery at Mersin Medical Faculty Hospital between October and December 2024. The sample consisted of 69 patients who participated voluntarily. Data were collected using a demographic information form, the Health Perception Scale, and the Psychological Well-Being Scale. Quantitative data analysis was performed using SPSS 24 software. Descriptive statistics were examined, and skewness and kurtosis values were utilized to assess the normal distribution of the data. The skewness and kurtosis coefficients for the sub-dimensions of the Health Perception Scale (locus of control, certainty, importance of health, self-awareness) and the total scores were found to range between -1 and +1. Independent samples t-test, analysis of variance, and correlation analyses were employed for data interpretation.
Results
The findings revealed that health perception was significantly higher among male and married participants. Health perception did not differ significantly based on age or educational level. However, a higher health perception was observed in patients under the age of forty and in those without comorbidities. Conversely, a higher number of surgical interventions negatively affected and reduced patients’ health perception. Smoking and alcohol consumption were also found to have a negative impact on health perception. Regarding psychological well-being, higher levels were reported by male participants, younger age groups, married individuals, and those with higher income levels. Comparisons between clinical diagnoses and health perception indicated that coronary artery patients possessed higher health perception and psychological well-being compared to other case types. Furthermore, patients with longer preoperative hospital stays exhibited lower levels of both health perception and psychological well-being.
Conclusion
It was concluded that an increased number of surgeries negatively affects psychological well-being in individuals. Additionally, health perception was determined to have a significant positive effect on psychological well-being levels.
Keywords:
Health perception, open-heart surgery, patient, psychological well-being
References
1Dursun Sİ, Vural B, Keskin B, Kaçar HK, Beyhan A, Kadıoğlu H. The relationship between traditional/complementary medical attitude and health literacy and health perception in adults. Halk Sag Hem Der. 2019;1(1):1-10.
2Turan A, Kuşoğlu İ, Can A. The relationship between pre-surgery psychological wellness and the levels of surgical fear of patients with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Hemşirelik Bilimi Dergisi. 2024;7(3):362-372.
3Zolopa C, Burack JA, O’Connor RM, Corran C, Lai J, Bomfim E, et al. Changes in youth mental health, psychological wellbeing, and substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid review. Adolesc Res Rev. 2022;7(2):161-177.
4Zhong Z, Yuan X, Liu S, Yang Y, Liu F. Machine learning prediction models for prognosis of critically ill patients after open-heart surgery. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):3384.
5Siegrist M, Luchsinger L, Bearth A. The impact of trust and risk perception on the acceptance of measures to reduce COVID-19 cases. Risk Anal. 2021;41(5):787-800.
6Parvizi G, Özabacı N. The role of cognitive flexibility as a predictor of university students’ psychological well-being and life satisfaction. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022;13(1):65-81.
7Pan Z, Wang Y, Derakhshan A. Unpacking Chinese EFL students’ academic engagement and psychological well-being: the roles of language teachers’ affective scaffolding. J Psycholinguist Res. 2023;52(5):1799-1819.
8Ostic D, Qalati SA, Barbosa B, Shah SMM, Galvan Vela E, Herzallah AM, et al. Effects of social media use on psychological well-being: a mediated model. Front Psychol. 2021;12:678766.
9Şahin G. Palyatif Bakım Hastalarına Evde Bakım Verenlerin Bakım Yükünün Sağlık Algısına Etkisi [Yüksek lisans tezi]. Malatya: İnönü Üniversitesi; 2021. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
10Özdemir FE, Yılmaz M. Evidence-based interventions for psychosocial problems during open heart surgery. THDD. 2024;5(1):33-44.
11Friis K, Lasgaard M, Osborne RH, Maindal HT. Gaps in understanding health and engagement with healthcare providers across common long-term conditions: a population survey of health literacy in 29,473 Danish citizens. BMJ Open. 2016;6(1):e009627.
12Dhanabhakyam M, Sarath M. “Psychological Wellbeing: Asystematic Literature Review. Int Adv Res Sci Commun Technol. 2023.
13Bal D, Köse S, Çilingir D. Variable angle modular pillow unit design with adjustable head and neck support improved for patients who have undergone open heart surgery. Journal of Anatolia Nursing and Health Sciences. 2021;24(4):444-450.
14Ahçıoğlu A. Koroner arter hastalarında sağlık okuryazarlığı düzeyi ile psikososyal ve davranışsal faktörler arasındaki ilişki. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hitit Üniversitesi, Çorum. Türkiye. 2020.
15Beyazpınar DS, Erol ME. Risk factors for acute kidney injury in octogenarians undergoing open-heart surgery: decrea-sing mortality and morbidity. TJCL. 2024;15(1):104-109.
16Ulus M, Durmaz Eder A. Prevention of delirium in intensive care patients after open heart surgery. Turk J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2022;13(30):43-49.
17Uzden MS, Kurutkan MN. Determinants of subjective health status: neighborhood environmental health, perception of physical health, and mental well-being. Int J Busi Sci & App. 2022;2(2):165-185.
18Spencer M, Kemp N, Cruickshank V, Nash R. Examining the relationship between demographic variables and perceived health literacy challenges in Tasmania, Australia. Health Promot J Austr. 2025;36(1):e905.
19Steptoe A, Deaton A, Stone AA. Subjective wellbeing, health, and ageing. Lancet. 2015;385(9968):640-648.
20Telef BB. The adaptation of psychological well-being into turkish: a validity and reliability study. H U Journal of Education. 2013;28(28-3):374-384.
21Pala B. Koroner arter hastalarında sağlık algısı ve sağlık okuryazarlığı arasındaki ilişki. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ordu Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. 2023.
22Yıldırım A. Kronik hastalığı olan bireylerde kaderciliğin öz bakım gücü ve sağlık algısına etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi, Erzurum. 2021.
23Badawi G, Gariépy G, Pagé V, Schmitz N. Indicators of self-rated health in the Canadian population with diabetes. Diabet Med. 2012;29(8):1021-1028.
24Ahmad K, Jafar TH, Chaturvedi N. Self-rated health in Pakistan: results of a national health survey. BMC Public Health. 2005;19;5:51.
25Gür G. Koroner arter hastalarında sağlık algısı ve sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışlarının belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye. 2017.
26Karakoyunlu Şen S. Sağlık algısı ile kanser taraması farkındalığı arasındaki ilişki. Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi, Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, İzmir, Türkiye. 2019.
27Eser S, İkinci S, Ocaktan ME, Çalışkan D, Piyal B, Akdur R. Eczacılık fakültesi öğrencilerinde sağlık algısının değerlendirilmesi. 15. Ulusal Halk Sağlığı Kongresi/HASUDER, Bursa, Türkiye, Abstract Book, 2012. 2012.
28Dinç H. Masabaşı çalışanlarının sağlık algılarının boş zaman tutum ve boş zaman katılımlarına göre değerlendirilmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, Afyon. Türkiye. 2019.
29Gültekin B. Adölesanlarda sağlık algısının besin etiketi okuma alışkanlıkları üzerine etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi, Konya, Türkiye. 2019.
30Kıraç R. Sağlık arama davranışını etkileyen faktörler: yapısal eşitlik modellemesine dayalı bir çalışma. Doktora Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya, Türkiye. 2019.
31Ersin F, Usta EM, Havliogu S. Investigation of the relationship between health literacy levels and health perceptions of primary school teachers. Int J Caring Sci. 2021;14(3):2001-2008.
32Goldberg P, Guéguen A, Schmaus A, Nakache JP, Goldberg M. Longitudinal study of associations between perceived health status and self reported diseases in the French Gazel cohort. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2001;55(4):233-238.
33Ahmed SM, Rana AK, Chowdhury M, Bhuiya A. Measuring perceived health outcomes in non-western culture: does SF-36 have a place? J Health Popul Nutr. 2002;20(4):334-342.
34Vissandjee B, Desmeules M, Cao Z, Abdool S. Integrating socio-economic determinants of Canadian women’s health. BMC Womens Health. 2004;4:(Suppl 1):S34.
35Çobanoğlu A. Oğuzhan H. Alexithymia and psychological well-being in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy treatment: a descriptive and relational study. Turkiye Klinikleri J Nurs Sci. 2023;15(2):490-498.
36Li Y, Zhang X, Zhang L, Wang W. Effects of evidence-based nursing on psychological well-being, postoperative complications and quality of life after breast cancer surgery. Am J Transl Res. 2021;13(5):5165-5173.
37Fong AJ, Scarapicchia TMF, McDonough MH, Wrosch C, Sabiston CM. Changes in social support predict emotional well-being in breast cancer survivors. Psychooncology. 2017;26(5):664-671.
38Demir R, Tanhan A, Çiçek İ, Yerlikaya İ, Çırak Kurt S, Ünverdi B. Psychological well-being and life satisfaction as predictors of quality of life. Yaşadıkça Eğitim. 2021;35(1):192-206.
39Gül E. Yetişkin bireylerde sağlık okuryazarlığının yeme davranışı ve sağlık algısı ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İnönü Üniversitesi, Malatya, Türkiye. 2018.
40Akça E, Gökyıldız Sürücü Ş, Akbaş M. Health perception, health literacy and related factors in pregnant women. JHVS. 2020;8(3):630-642.
41Alagöz Ekti Z. Aile sağlığı merkezine kayıtlı kişilerin sağlık okuryazarlığı düzeyinin genel sağlık taramaları ve sağlık algısı üzerine etkisinin değerlendirilmesi. Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi, Afyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Afyonkarahisar. Türkiye. 2020.
42Durmaz S, Sürücü E, Ozvurmaz S. Determination of health literacy, health perception levels and related factors of marble factory workers. Medical Sciences (NWSAMS). 2020;15(3):81-91.
43Yalçın B. The impact of health literacy level on health perception: a research on university students. Göbeklitepe Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2020;3(3):23-33.
44Filiz E, Bodur S. Evaluation of the relationship of health literacy and health perception in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Journal of Selcuk Health. 2022;3(1):17-33.
45Özer F. Bir kamu kurumunda sağlık algısına bağlı olarak sağlık okuryazarlığı bilgi düzeyinin belirlenmesi: İstanbul Anadolu adliyesi örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Üsküdar Üniversitesi, İstanbul. 2022.
46Yıldız BZ. Açık kalp cerrahisi uygulanan hastalara verilen mobil uygulama ile desteklenmiş eğitimin hastaların ameliyat sonrası iyileşme ve psikolojik iyi oluş durumlarına etkisi. Doktora Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. 2023.
47Fredrickson BL, Mancuso RA, Branigan C, Tugade MM. The undoing effect of positive emotions. Motiv Emot. 2000;24(4):237-258.
48Keyes CL, Shmotkin D, Ryff CD. Optimizing well-being: the empirical encounter of two traditions. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2002;82(6):1007-1022.
49Sarı T, Çakır G. The relationships of fear of happiness with subjective and psychological well-being. Journal of Research in Education and Teaching. 2016;25(5):222-229.
50Sørlie T, Busund R, Sexton J, Sexton H, Sørlie D. Video information combined with individualized information sessions: effects upon emotional well-being following coronary artery bypass surgery--a randomized trial. Patient Educ Couns. 2007;65(2):180-188.
51Gostoli S, Roncuzzi R, Urbinati S, Rafanelli C. Clinical and subclinical distress, quality of life, and psychological well-being after cardiac rehabilitation. Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2017;9(3):349-369.
52Amiri Z, Sanagoo A, Jouybari L, Bahnampour N, Kavosi A. The effect of written emotional disclosure on depression, anxiety, and stress of patients after open heart surgery. Broad Res Artif Intell Neurosci. 2019;10(2):55-64.
53Scheier MF, Matthews KA, Owens JF, Magovern GJ, Lefebvre RC, Abbott RA, et al. Dispositional optimism and recovery from coronary artery bypass surgery: The beneficial effects on physical and psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1989;57(6):1024.
54Ronaldson A, Poole L, Kidd T, Leigh E, Jahangiri M, Steptoe A. Optimism measured pre-operatively is associated with reduced pain intensity and physical symptom reporting after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Psychosom Res. 2014;77(4):278-282.
